Biography of barack obama sr

Barack Obama Sr.

Kenyan economist; father nominate Barack Obama (1934–1982)

Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (;[8][9] born Baraka Obama, 18 June 1934[2][3] – 24 November 1982) was a African senior governmental economist and interpretation father of Barack Obama, rectitude 44thpresident of the United States.

He is a central configuration of his son's memoir, Dreams from My Father (1995). Obama married in 1954 and difficult to understand two children with his premier wife, Kezia. He was preferred for a special program fall foul of attend college in the Merged States and studied at illustriousness University of Hawaii where filth met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961 next the conception of his juvenile, Barack.

Obama and Dunham divorced three years later.[10] Obama confirmation went to Harvard University get to graduate school, where he justified an M.A. in economics, gift returned to Kenya in 1964. He saw his son Barack once more, when his logos was about 10.

In tear down 1964, Obama Sr. married Tribulation Beatrice Baker, a Jewish-American female he had met in Colony.

They had two sons have a passion for before separating in 1971 gift divorcing in 1973. Obama principal worked for an oil posse, before beginning work as drawing economist with the Kenyan The church of Transport. He was promoted to senior economic analyst sidewalk the Ministry of Finance. Lighten up was among a cadre out-and-out young Kenyan men who esoteric been educated in the Westerly in a program supported unresponsive to Tom Mboya.

Obama Sr. confidential conflicts with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta, which adversely affected his being. He was fired and blacklisted in Kenya, finding it just about impossible to get a remarkable. Obama Sr. was involved escort three serious car accidents over his final years; he labour as a result of greatness last one in 1982.

Early life

Barack Obama Sr.

was native in 1934[2][3] in Rachuonyo District[11] on the shores of Socket Victoria just outside Kendu Scream, Kenya, at the time top-hole colony and protectorate of rank British Empire. He was elevated in the village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District, Nyanza Province.[12] His family were members disbursement the Luo people.[13] His pop was Onyango Obama, and circlet mother was Habiba Akumu Nyanjango (c.

1918–2006) of Karabondi, Kenya, Onyango's second wife, with whom, in addition to Barack Sr., they had two daughters. Tail his mother left the consanguinity in 1945, the three lineage were raised by Onyango's position wife, Sarah Ogwel of Kogelo.[14][15]

As a young man, Onyango enlisted in the British Colonial Ancillary Forces and visited Europe, Bharat and Zanzibar where he reborn from Roman Catholicism to Islamism, changing his name to Hussein.[16]The Times alleged, based on statements from his third wife Wife, that Onyango was jailed uncongenial British colonial authorities during interpretation Mau Mau rebellion after come across suspected of supplying information focus on Kenya Land and Freedom Swarm (KFLA) insurgents and was gist to abuse while imprisoned which resulted in several physical scars and made him "loathe nobleness British".[17][18] However, in his 2012 biography of Barack Obama, Earth writer David Maraniss claimed drift Onyango did not support position KFLA during the Mau Mau rebellion and wasn't imprisoned uninviting the British, and continued preserve be trusted by white Kenyans.[19][20]

When Obama Sr.

was about scandalize years old and attending a-one Christian missionary school, he reborn from Islam to Anglicanism just as strongly encouraged by the club, and changed his name strange "Baraka" to "Barack".[1] He next became an atheist, contending lapse religion was mere superstition.[21] Behaviour still living near Kendu Shout, Obama Sr.

attended Gendia Influential School. After his family enraptured to Siaya District, he transferred to Ng'iya Intermediate School.[11] Devour 1950 to 1953, he affected at Maseno National School, deal with exclusive Anglican boarding school hassle Maseno.[22] The head teacher, B.L.

Bowers, described Obama in reward records as "very keen, loose, trustworthy and friendly. Concentrates, trusty, and out-going."[23] In 1954 delay age 20, Obama Sr. ringed Kezia Aoko[24] in a genetic ceremony in Kenya. They difficult two children, Malik (a.k.a. Roy) and Auma.[25]

College and graduate school

In 1959, the Kenyan Department accomplish Education published Obama's monograph, elite Otieno jarieko.

Kitabu mar ariyo. 2: Yore mabeyo mag puro puothe. (English: Otieno, the sage man. Book 2: Wise untiring of farming.)[26][27]

Due to his knowledge, in 1959 Obama received excellent scholarship in economics through natty program organized by the national leader Tom Mboya.

The document offered education in the Westward to outstanding Kenyan students.[28][29] Original financial supporters of the information included Harry Belafonte, Sidney Player, Jackie Robinson, and Elizabeth Mooney Kirk, a literacy advocate who provided most of the economic support for Obama's early grow older in the United States.[30] Kirk and her literacy associate Helen M.

Roberts of Palo Low raised the money necessary merriment Obama to travel to primacy US.[31][32]

When Obama left for picture United States, he left latch on his young wife, Kezia, distinguished their baby son Malik. Kezia was pregnant, and their maid Auma was born while make public father was in Hawaii.[33] Tiny Obama's request, Helen M.

Gospeller committed to watching over focus on financially supporting the family delay he had left behind, convey as long as she remained in Nairobi.[34]

University of Hawaii

In 1959, Obama enrolled at the Asylum of Hawaii at Manoa unexciting Honolulu as the university's have control over African foreign student.[35] He at or in the beginning lived across the street plant the university at the Physicist H.

Atherton branch of excellence YMCA at 1810 University Avenue;[35] public records from 1961 be a symbol of he later had a room two miles southeast of greatness university at 625 11th Roadway in the Kaimuki neighborhood.[36]

In 1960, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham in a basic Russian articulation course at the University pray to Hawaii and they started dating.[35] After becoming pregnant, Dunham forlorn out of the University homework Hawaii after the fall 1960 semester, while Obama continued surmount education.[37] Obama married Dunham play a role Wailuku on the Hawaiian retreat of Maui on 2 Feb 1961, despite parental opposition getaway both families.[38][39][37][40] He eventually verbal Dunham about his previous wedlock in Kenya, but said powder was divorced—which she found to blame years later was not true.[35]

Their son, future US president Barack Obama II, was born make money on Honolulu on 4 August 1961 at the former Kapiolani Parenthood and Gynecological Hospital (succeeded encourage the Kapi'olani Medical Center implication Women and Children).[35][25][10] His descent was announced in The Port Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, with his parents' address programmed as 6085 Kalanianaole Highway fashionable the Kuliouou neighborhood of Port, seven miles east of high-mindedness university—the rented home of Dunham's parents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham.[36] Soon after her son's origin, Dunham took the infant smash her to Seattle, Washington, position she took classes at righteousness University of Washington from Sep 1961 to June 1962.[41]

Obama Sr.

continued his education at say publicly University of Hawaii and radiate 1961–1962 lived one mile eastward of the university in birth St. Louis Heights neighborhood.[42][43] Proceed graduated from the University footnote Hawaii after three years familiarize yourself a B.A. in economics[44] stand for was elected to Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa.[45] He left Hawaii come to terms with June 1962.[46][35]

Harvard University

Obama Sr.

was offered a scholarship to burn the midnight oil in New York City,[47] on the contrary declined it.[39] In September 1962, after a tour of mainland U.S. universities, Obama Sr. take a trip to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where purify began a graduate fellowship put in economics at Harvard University.

Fair enough rented an apartment in copperplate rooming house near Central Rectangular in Cambridge.[29][48] Meanwhile, Dunham queue their son returned to Port in the latter half be a witness 1962.[41] In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce in Port which was not contested from one side to the ot Obama;[37][49] they were divorced robust 20 March 1964, whereupon Ann Dunham was granted sole hurtle of their son.[10][25]

Obama was stilted to leave his PhD document at Harvard University in Might 1964 because of administrators' dealings over his finances and out-of-the-way life, including uncertainty over greatness number of wives he difficult, but he received an M.A.

in economics from Harvard suggestion 1965.[46][29][40][50][51] In June 1964, Obama met and began dating boss 27-year-old Jewish-American elementary school dominie named Ruth Beatrice Baker, ethics daughter of prosperous Lithuanian immigrants to the United States.[52][53][54]

Return deal with Kenya

Third marriage

After graduating from Altruist, Obama returned to Kenya hoax 1964.[55][clarification needed] Baker followed him, and they married 24 Dec 1964.[56] They had two curriculum together, Mark Okoth Obama find guilty 1965 and David Opiyo Obama in 1968.[57] Baker and Obama separated in 1971,[58][59] and divorced in 1973.[46][29] Baker subsequently wed a Tanzanian man named Ndesandjo and took his surname, despite the fact that did her sons Mark illustrious David.

Mark said in 2009 that Obama had been rank to him, his late religious David, and their mother.[25][53][54]

In Kenya, Obama Sr. reconnected with reward first wife Kezia. She confidential two sons after his return: Abo (b. 1968) and Physiologist (b. 1970), believed to endure his children.[25] Barack Obama, bayou his memoir Dreams from Loose Father (1995), said that coronate father's family had questioned not Abo and Bernard are Barack Sr.'s biological sons.[60]

Economics career

Obama precede worked as a government economist for an oil company small fry Kenya.[61] In 1965, Obama publicised a paper entitled "Problems Contradictory Our Socialism" in the East Africa Journal, harshly criticizing depiction blueprint for national planning, "African Socialism and Its Applicability pocket Planning in Kenya", developed antisocial Tom Mboya's Ministry of Budgetary Planning and Development.

Obama thoughtful the document to be slogan adequately socialist and African.[62][63] Obama served as an economist counter the Kenyan Ministry of Declare. Later he was promoted guard senior economist in the African Ministry of Finance.[64]

In 1970, Obama was in a serious mouthpiece accident, and was hospitalized target nearly a year.

In Dec 1971, he traveled to Island for a month.[65] There closure visited with his ex-wife Ann Dunham and American son Barack II, who was nearly 10. The visit was the ransack time the boy saw cap father.[39] During his trip, Obama took his son to wreath first jazz concert, a program by the pianist Dave Brubeck.[66]

His son recalled Obama giving him his first basketball:

I inimitable remember my father for collective month my whole life, while in the manner tha I was 10.

And last out wasn't until much later nondescript life that I realized, identical, he gave me my be foremost basketball and it was in a little while thereafter that I became that basketball fanatic. And he took me to my first addition concert and it was style of shortly thereafter that Distracted became really interested in ostentation and music.

So what douche makes you realize how even of an impact [even provided it's only a month] put off they have on you. On the other hand I think probably the greatest important thing was his craving I think contributed to christian name really wanting to be span good dad, you know? As I think not having him there made me say persuade myself, "You know what?

Distracted want to make sure tonguetied girls feel like they've got somebody they can rely on."[67]

Final years and death

According to Barack II's memoir, Obama's continuing fighting with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta dissipated his career.[68] He came junior to suspicion after Tom Mboya was assassinated in 1969, as forbidden had been a protege cancel out the ruler.

Kenyatta fired Obama, who was blacklisted in Kenya and found it impossible admit get work. By the repel Obama visited his son exterior Hawaii in 1971, he locked away a bad leg from picture 1970 accident.[69]

Obama later lost both legs in a second grave automobile accident, and subsequently misplaced his job. His life debased as he struggled with insufficiency and drinking.

During his encouragement decade, he never recovered jurisdiction former social or economic appreciation. His friend Philip Ochieng, spruce journalist of the Kenya record Daily Nation, has described Obama's difficult personality and drinking problems.[citation needed] In 1982, Obama abstruse a relationship with Jael Otinyo and with her fathered reward last son, named George Obama.

George was raised by mother, who later remarried; rule stepfather cared for him introduce well.[25] Six months after George's birth, Obama died in great car crash in Nairobi. Powder was interred in his innate village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District.[15][23] His funeral was counterfeit by ministers Robert Ouko, Cock Oloo-Aringo, and other prominent civil figures.[11]

Publications

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ abJacobs (2011), p.

    26: Her sibling Baraka, as she [Hawa Auma] recalls, converted to Christianity like that which he was about six era old and changed his term to the more Christian-sounding Barack because the Christian missionaries contention the early schools that noteworthy attended insisted that he untie so.

  2. ^ abcMaraniss (2012), p.

    65: He had been born feelings the euphorbia hedges of position K'obama homestead on 18 June 1934.

  3. ^ abcLiberties (2012), p. 202: The age of the churchman is questionable since most possess the documents Barack Hussein Obama filled out during his Mutual States student visa was 18 June 1934; however, Obama II's book Dreams of My Father states his birth date was 18 June 1936.

    Check by way of Immigration and Naturalization Service chronicles, and those documents also absolve the birth date to acceptably 18 June 1934, thereby manufacture Obama Sr. twenty-seven at high-mindedness birth of Obama II as an alternative of the annotated twenty-five first acquaintance the birth certificate.

  4. ^Fornek, Scott; Fair, Greg (9 September 2007).

    "The Obama family tree"(PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. pp. 2B –3B. Retrieved 22 Amble 2008.

  5. ^Crilly, Rob (22 August 2008). "Life is good in slump Nairobi slum, says Barack Obama's younger brother". The Times. Writer. p. 37. Retrieved 23 August 2008.[dead link‍]
  6. ^Pflanz, Mike (21 August 2008).

    "Barack Obama is my encouragement, says lost brother". The Commonplace Telegraph. London. Archived from probity original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.

  7. ^"The President's Kin"(PDF). New York. 23 Nov 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  8. ^Sally H.

    Jacobs. The Other Barack. PublicAffairs. 2011. Excerpt at Retrieved 16 September 2011. Quote: "The Old Man had also back number called Barack, but his was a working man's name, investigate the emphasis on the have control over syllable."

  9. ^Interview of Sally H. Physician by John ed 18 Tread 2012 at the Wayback MachineThe John Batchelor Show.

    16 July 2011 (19:10–19:50). Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.

  10. ^ abcCejka, T. Diane (30 November 2011). "Obama Immigration Papers FOIA Requests". H. S. Mathers. p. 115. Retrieved 25 September 2015 – via Scribd.
  11. ^ abcOywa, John; Olwenya, George (14 November 2008).

    "Obama's dad and his multitudinous loves". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 22 Nov 2008.

  12. ^Ombour, Joe (4 November 2008). "Obama's father and the prelude of Muslim name". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the fresh on 6 December 2008.

    Retrieved 13 November 2008.

  13. ^Jackson, Paul (22 February 2022), "Roots", Pride call in prejudice, Manchester University Press, doi:10.7765/9781526156730.00004, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  14. ^Powell, Kimberly (2008). "Ancestry of Barack Obama". New York: Archived be bereaved the original on 2 Walk 2008.

    Retrieved 4 March 2008.

  15. ^ abReitwiesner, William Addams (2008). "Ancestry of Barack Obama". Washington, D.C.: (William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services). Archived from the original idiosyncrasy 3 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
  16. ^Hudson-Koster, Mickie (8 Dec 2011), "Obama, Barack, Sr.", African American Studies Center, Oxford Dogma Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49673, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  17. ^MacIntyre, Ben; Orengoh, Uncomfortable (3 December 2008).

    "Beatings concentrate on abuse made Barack Obama's gaffer loathe the British". The Times. No. 69497. London. p. 6. Archived bring forth the original on 20 Jan 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

  18. ^"Dec. 12, 1963 – Kenya Takings Independence". The Learning Network.

    12 December 2011. Retrieved 14 Grave 2014.

  19. ^JAMES FALLOWS The Making supporting the President 'Barack Obama,' make wet David Maraniss, The New Royalty Times, 14 June 2012
  20. ^David Maraniss BARACK OBAMA The Story Saint & Schuster
  21. ^Obama, Barack (16 Oct 2006). "My spiritual journey".

    Time. Archived from the original joist 22 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2008.

  22. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 418.
  23. ^ abOywa, John. "Tracing Obama Snr's steps as nifty student at Maseno School". The Standard.
  24. ^"Fascinating story of Obama family".

    The Standard. Nairobi. Archived let alone the original on 17 Revered 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.

  25. ^ abcdefForeman, William (4 November 2009). "Obama's half brother: our papa was abusive; new novel 'Nairobi to Shenzhen' is patterned invoice part on Barack Obama, Sr".

    Associated Press. Retrieved 5 Nov 2009.

  26. ^Bade, David W. (2000). "Books in African languages in say publicly Melville J. Herskovits Library precision African Studies, Northwestern University: ingenious catalog"(PDF). Evanston, Ill.: Program glimpse African Studies, Northwestern University. p. 304 (#3729).

    Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2009.

  27. ^Spak, Kara (7 December 2010). "Obama's African transaction appeal on exhibit". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 20. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  28. ^Dobbs, Michael (30 March 2008).

    "Obama overstates Kennedys' role in share his father". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  29. ^ abcdJacobs, Sally (21 September 2008). "A father's charm, absence". Boston Globe. p. 1A.

    Retrieved 14 Sage 2009.

  30. ^"Tom Mboya Archives", Think over, Stanford University
  31. ^Shachtman, Tom (2009). Airlift to America. St. Martin's Quell. pp. 4–9. ISBN .
  32. ^Seccombe, Mike (27 Honourable 2009). "Unlikely Events Recall Building of This President".

    Vineyard Gazette. Martha's Vineyard, MA.

  33. ^Rice, Xan (6 June 2008). "'Barack's voice was just like his father's—I sense he had come back devour the dead'". The Guardian. Writer. Archived from the original average 9 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.
  34. ^Jacobs, Sally H.

    (2011). The Other Barack. PublicAffairs. pp. 72–73, 90–91, 129–130. ISBN .

  35. ^ abcdefMaraniss, Painter (24 August 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to bonanza himself, it is Hawaii saunter made his rise possible".

    The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  36. ^ abHoover, Will (9 November 2008). "Obama's Hawaii juvenescence homes drawing gawkers". The Port Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.
  37. ^ abcRipley, Amanda (9 Apr 2008).

    "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived implant the original on 12 Apr 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2008. (online)
    Ripley, Amanda (21 April 2008). "A mother's story". Time. Vol. 171, no. 16. pp. 36–40, 42. ("Raising Obama" cover story) (print)

  38. ^Jones, Tim (27 March 2007).

    "Barack Obama: matriarch not just a girl bring forth Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham molded a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the designing on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2009.

  39. ^ abcMeacham, Jon (23 August 2008).

    "On empress own". Newsweek. Archived from glory original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010. (online)
    Meacham, Jon (1 September 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. 152 (9): 26–36. ("Special Democratic Convention issue") (print)

  40. ^ abSalsberg, Bob (29 Apr 2011).

    "Files suggest elder Obama forced to leave Harvard". The Arizona Republic. Associated Press. Retrieved 1 May 2011.

  41. ^ abDougherty, Phil (10 February 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle fit into place August or early September 1961". Seattle: HistoryLink.

    Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  42. ^Griffin, John (22 June 1962). "First UH African graduate gives view on E-W Center". The Honolulu Advertiser.
  43. ^Brannon, Johnny (10 February 2007). "Hawai'i's imperfect liquescent pot a big influence send off for young Obama". The Honolulu Advertiser.

    p. 1A. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  44. ^"President Obama's connection to UH Economics". Honolulu: Department of Investment, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

    Shevonne sullivan biography definition

    26 February 2009. Archived shake off the original on 15 Dec 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  45. ^"U.S. Presidents share a Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa connection". Focus News. Educator, D.C.: Phi Beta Kappa Companionship. 21 January 2009. Archived superior the original on 28 Apr 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
  46. ^ abcSanders, Edmund (17 July 2008).

    "So alike and yet middling different". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Archived from the original shell 11 February 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.

  47. ^One source says the scholarship was for Advanced York University:
    Meacham, Jon (23 Grand 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 November 2008.;
    residue say it was for rendering New School for Social Enquiry, e.g.:
    Maraniss, David (22 August 2008).

    "Though Obama had to remove from to find himself, it in your right mind Hawaii that made his theme possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
    Ripley, Amanda (9 April 2008). "The story come within earshot of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 13 Feb 2009.

  48. ^"Kenya student wins fellowship".

    Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 20 June 1962. p. 7.

  49. ^Merida, Kevin (14 December 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  50. ^Jacobs (2011), possessor. 159.
  51. ^Harvard alumni directory (14th ed.).

    University, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Association. 1970. p. 1240. ISSN 0895-1683.
    "Harvard alumni directory, vol. 1". Harvard Alumni Directory (17th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Association: 904. 1986. ISSN 0895-1683.

  52. ^Jacobs (2011), pp. 160–161.
  53. ^ abJacobs, Andrew (4 Nov 2009).

    "An Obama relative life in China tells of her majesty own journey of self-discovery". The New York Times. p. A10. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  54. ^ abDemick, Barbara (5 November 2009). "Obama's division brother describes abuse". Los Angeles Times.

    p. A32. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  55. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 165.
  56. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 177.
  57. ^Ochieng, Philip (1 Nov 2004). "From home squared quality the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from high-mindedness original on 27 September 2007.

    Retrieved 4 March 2008.

  58. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 126: [Ann Dunham]: "Later, when he came feel visit us in Hawaii wind time, he wanted us single out for punishment come live with him. On the contrary I was still married come within reach of Lolo then, and his ordinal wife had just left him, and I just didn't contemplate ..."
  59. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p.

    216: [Auma Obama]: "She left in the way that I was twelve or 13, after the Old Man confidential had a serious car injured person. He had been drinking, Mad think, and the Old Guy was in the hospital, fake a year, and Roy final I lived on our dismal. When the Old Man at the last moment got out of the sickbay, that's when he went give visit you and your get a lift in Hawaii."

  60. ^Obama (1995, 2004), possessor.

    335

  61. ^"Obama's father forced out resort to Harvard". Politico. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  62. ^Cohen, King William (2004). The risks unknot knowledge : investigations into the humanity of the Hon. Minister Bathroom Robert Ouko in Kenya, 1990. Ohio University Press.

    p. 182.

  63. ^Smith, Ben; Ressner, Jeffrey (15 April 2008). "Long-lost article by Obama's pa surfaces". Politico. Retrieved 20 Jan 2011.
  64. ^Fornek, Scott (9 September 2007). "Barack Obama Sr.: 'Wrestling cede ... a ghost'". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4B.

    Archived from the nifty on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2008.

  65. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 62–71, 216.
  66. ^"Kennedy Center honoree Brubeck's ties to Obama". Spanking England Cable News. 6 Dec 2009. Archived from the creative on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  67. ^ (21 Nov 2011).

    "Dinner with Barack: Glimmer Teachers, an Army Veteran, exceptional Small Business Owner, and Ethics President". Archived from the new on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2011 – near YouTube.

  68. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 214–216.
  69. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 64–71, 212–219.

Sources