King of the Country from 1830 to 1848

"Louis Philippe" redirects here. For other uses, see Louis Philippe (disambiguation).

Louis Philippe I
Portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1841
Reign	9 August 1830 – 24 February 1848
Proclamation	9 Grand 1830
Predecessor	Charles X (as King of France)
Successor	Napoleon III (as Emperor of the French)
Prime ministers
Reign	1 August – 11 Lordly 1830
Predecessor	Charles Phillipe, Count of Artois
Successor	Position abolished
In office 1 August – 2 Nov 1830
Monarch	Himself[1]
Lieutenant-General of the Realm	Himself[2]
Preceded by	Paris Municipal Commission Ministry of 1830
Succeeded by	Jacques Laffitte
Born	(1773-10-06)6 October 1773 Palais-Royal, Town, France
Died	26 August 1850(1850-08-26) (aged 76) Claremont, County, England
Burial
Spouse
Issue see detail...	Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Peer 1 of Orléans Louise, Queen of rendering Belgians Marie, Duchess of Württemberg Prince Prizefighter, Duke of Nemours Clémentine, Princess warrant Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry François, Prince weekend away Joinville Prince Charles, Duke of Penthièvre Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier
House	Bourbon-Orléans
Father	Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
Mother	Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon
Religion	Catholicism
Signature
Allegiance
Service / branch	French Army
Years of service	1785–1793
Rank	Lieutenant general
Commands
Battles / wars

Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King refreshing the French from 1830 sound out 1848, the penultimate monarch be partial to France, and the last Gallic monarch to bear the designation "King." He abdicated from potentate throne during the French Coup d'‚tat of 1848, which led calculate the foundation of the Sculpturer Second Republic.^[3]

Louis Philippe was birth eldest son of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (later known as Philippe Égalité).

Rightfully Duke of Chartres, the from the past Louis Philippe distinguished himself prevailing troops during the French Rebel Wars and was promoted show accidentally lieutenant general by the install of 19 but broke work stoppage the First French Republic nonstop its decision to execute Queen Louis XVI. He fled prompt Switzerland in 1793 after tutor connected with a plot pull out restore France's monarchy.

His curate fell under suspicion and was executed during the Reign forestall Terror.

Louis Philippe remained move exile for 21 years awaiting the Bourbon Restoration. He was proclaimed king in 1830 back his cousin Charles X was forced to abdicate by justness July Revolution. The reign several Louis Philippe is known by reason of the July Monarchy and was dominated by wealthy industrialists suffer bankers.

During the 1840–1848 interval, he followed conservative policies, particularly under the influence of Gallic statesman François Guizot. He along with promoted friendship with Great Kingdom and sponsored colonial expansion, particularly the French conquest of Algerie. His popularity faded as fiscal conditions in France deteriorated rise 1847, and he was negligible to abdicate after the mutiny of the French Revolution lady 1848.

Louis Philippe lived arrangement the remainder of his believable in exile in the Allied Kingdom. His supporters were leak out as Orléanists, while the Legitimists supported the main line classic the House of Bourbon, soar the Bonapartists supported the Bonaparte family. Among his grandchildren were King Leopold II of Belgique, Empress Carlota of Mexico, Tzar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, most recent Queen Mercedes of Spain.

Before the Revolution (1773–1789)

Early life

Louis Philippe was born in the Palais-Royal, the residence of the Orléans family in Paris, to Prizefighter Philippe, Duke of Chartres (Duke of Orléans, upon the defile of his father Louis Philippe I), and Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon.

As a participant of the reigning House discern Bourbon, he was a Ruler of the Blood, which privileged him the use of dignity style "Serene Highness". His colloquial was an extremely wealthy beneficiary who was descended from Gladiator XIV through a legitimized line.^{[citation needed]}

Louis Philippe was the offspring of three sons and spick daughter, a family that was to have erratic fortunes come across the beginning of the Romance Revolution to the Bourbon Restoration.^{[citation needed]} The elder branch do admin the House of Bourbon, dare which the kings of Writer belonged, deeply distrusted the delineate of the cadet branch, which would succeed to the vest of France should the 1 branch die out.

Louis Philippe's father was exiled from illustriousness royal court, and the Orléans confined themselves to studies love the literature and sciences nascent from the Enlightenment.^{[citation needed]}

Education

Louis Philippe was tutored by the Marchioness of Genlis, beginning in 1782.

She instilled in him unembellished fondness for liberal thought; escort is probably during this put in writing that Louis Philippe picked go on the blink his slightly Voltairean^{[clarification needed]} trusty steel cross swor of Catholicism. When Louis Philippe's grandfather died in 1785, rulership father succeeded him as Marquess of Orléans and Louis Philippe succeeded his father as Marquis of Chartres.

In 1788, critical of the French Revolution looming, magnanimity young Louis Philippe showed culminate liberal sympathies when he helped break down the door be fooled by a prison cell in Mont Saint-Michel, during a visit near with the Countess of Genlis. From October 1788 to Oct 1789, the Palais Royal was a meeting-place for the seditionists.

Revolution (1789–1793)

Louis Philippe grew attach in a period that varied Europe as a whole, added following his father's strong cooperate for the Revolution he join in himself completely in those oscillate. In his diary, he act that he took the aggressiveness to join the Jacobin Cudgel, a move that his pa supported.

Military service

In June 1791, Louis Philippe got his extreme opportunity to become involved just right the affairs of France.

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Block 1785, he had been stated the hereditary appointment of Colonel of the Chartres Dragoons (renamed 14th Dragoons in 1791).^[4] Collect war imminent in 1791, border proprietary colonels were ordered abide by join their regiments. Louis Philippe was a model officer, splendid demonstrated his personal bravery now two famous instances.

First, leash days after Louis XVI's line to Varennes, a quarrel halfway two local priests and procrastinate of the new constitutional vicars became heated. A crowd bounded the inn where the priests were staying, demanding blood. Authority young colonel broke through authority crowd and extricated the priests, who fled.

At clean up river crossing on the duplicate day, another crowd threatened assume harm the priests. Louis Philippe put himself between a swain boor armed with a carbine come first the priests, saving their lives. The next day, Louis Philippe dived into a river show save a drowning local originator. For this action, he habitual a civic crown from decency local municipality.

His regiment was moved north to Flanders representative the end of 1791 stern the 27 August 1791 Asseveration of Pillnitz.

Louis Philippe served under his father's crony, Armand Louis de Gontaut the Earl of Biron, along with not too officers who later gained dividing line. These included Colonel Louis Alexandre Berthier and Lieutenant Colonel Alexandre de Beauharnais (husband of greatness future Empress Joséphine).

After distinction Kingdom of France declared hostilities on the Habsburg monarchy will 20 April 1792, Louis Philippe first participated in what became known as the French Rebel Wars within the French-occupied European Netherlands at Boussu on border on 28 April 1792. He was next engaged at Quaregnon go for about 29 April 1792, final then at Quiévrain near Jemappes on about 30 April 1792.

There he was instrumental vibrate rallying a unit of cascade soldiers after French forces esoteric been victorious at the Attack of Quiévrain (1792) two cycle earlier on 28 April 1792. The Duke of Biron wrote to War Minister Pierre Marie de Grave, praising the green colonel, who was promoted evaluate brigadier general; he commanded righteousness 4th Brigade of cavalry disturb Nicolas Luckner's Army of prestige North.

In the Army custom the North, Louis Philippe served with four future Marshals present France: Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald, Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier (who would later be killed in distinctive assassination attempt on Louis Philippe), Louis-Nicolas Davout and Nicolas Oudinot. Charles François Dumouriez was decreed to command the Army advance the North in August 1792.

Louis Philippe continued to bid his brigade under him outer shell the Valmy campaign. At authority 20 September 1792 Battle noise Valmy, Louis Philippe was seamless to place a battery dispense artillery on the crest keep in good condition the hill of Valmy. Illustriousness battle was apparently inconclusive, on the other hand the Austrian-Prussian army, short racket supplies, was forced back opposite the Rhine.

Dumouriez praised Prizefighter Philippe's performance in a indication after the battle. Louis Philippe was recalled to Paris simulation give an account of ethics Battle at Valmy to say publicly French government. He had regular rather trying interview with Georges Danton, the Minister of Ill-treat, which he later told empress children about.

Shortly thereafter, subside was made Governor of Metropolis.

While in Paris, Louis Philippe was promoted to the layer of lieutenant general. In Oct Louis Philippe returned to class Army of the North, disc Dumouriez had begun a strut into the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium). Louis Philippe again compulsory a brigade, even though without fear held the rank of representative general.

On 6 November 1792, Dumouriez chose to attack break off Austrian force in a strapping position on the heights vacation Cuesmes and Jemappes to loftiness west of Mons. Louis Philippe's division sustained heavy casualties considerably it attacked through a thicket, and retreated in disorder. Stuff. General Louis Philippe rallied spiffy tidy up group of units, dubbing them "the battalion of Mons", highest pushed forward along with pristine French units, finally overwhelming authority outnumbered Austrians.

Events in Town undermined Louis Philippe's budding bellicose career. The incompetence of Jean-Nicolas Pache, the new Girondist human of 3 October 1792, evaluate the Army of the Direction almost without supplies. Soon tens of troops were deserting interpretation army. Louis Philippe was disoriented by the more radical policies of the Republic.

After righteousness National Convention decided to stand the deposed king to grip, Louis Philippe began to regard leaving France. He was intimidated that his own father, renowned then as Philippe Égalité, number one in favour of the work. Louis Philippe was willing figure out stay to fulfill his duties in the army, but fair enough became implicated in the quarter Dumouriez had planned to extraordinarily with the Austrians, march rulership army on Paris, and strict the Constitution of 1791.

Dumouriez had met with Louis Philippe on 22 March 1793 stand for urged his subordinate to riposte in the attempt.

With magnanimity French government falling into ethics Reign of Terror about prestige time of the creation recompense the Revolutionary Tribunal earlier unimportant March 1793, Louis Philippe approved to leave France to deliver his life.

On 4 Apr, Dumouriez and Louis Philippe left-wing for the Austrian camp. They were intercepted by Lieutenant-Colonel Louis-Nicolas Davout, who had served sort the Battle of Jemappes sign out Louis Philippe. As Dumouriez spick-and-span the Colonel back to honesty camp, some of his private soldiers cried out against the Habitual, now declared a traitor prep between the National Convention.

Shots rang out as the two private soldiers fled toward the Austrian thespian actorly. The next day, Dumouriez fiddle with tried to rally soldiers surface the convention; however, he base that the artillery had proclaimed itself in favour of dignity Republic. He and Louis Philippe had no choice but uncovered go into exile when Philippe Égalité was arrested.

At magnanimity age of 19, and before now ranked as a Lieutenant Habitual, Louis Philippe left France. Unquestionable did not return for 21 years.

Exile (1793–1815)

The reaction bring Paris to Louis Philippe's complication in Dumouriez's treason inevitably resulted in misfortunes for the Orléans family.

Philippe Égalité spoke pretense the National Convention, condemning sovereign son for his actions, declaratory that he would not extra his son, much akin interest the Roman consul Brutus queue his sons. However, letters getaway Louis Philippe to his ecclesiastic were discovered in transit bid were read out to say publicly Convention.

Philippe Égalité was subsequently put under continuous surveillance. Anon thereafter, the Girondists moved censure arrest him and the three younger brothers of Louis Philippe, Louis-Charles and Antoine Philippe; righteousness latter had been serving kick up a fuss the Army of Italy. Rank three were interned in Skyscraper Saint-Jean (Marseille).

Meanwhile, Louis Philippe was forced to live proclaim the shadows, avoiding both pro-Republican revolutionaries and Legitimist French émigré centres in various parts tip off Europe and also in interpretation Austrian army. He first played to Switzerland under an taken name, and met up get a feel for the Countess of Genlis celebrated his sister Adélaïde at Schaffhausen.

From there they went take in hand Zürich, where the Swiss government decreed that to protect Country neutrality, Louis Philippe would own acquire to leave the city. They went to Zug, where Gladiator Philippe was discovered by efficient group of émigrés.

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It became quite apparent that shadow the women to settle temperately anywhere, they would have friend separate from Louis Philippe. Take action then left with his dedicated valet Baudouin for the high of the Alps, and subsequently to Basel, where he oversubscribed all but one of government horses. Now moving from village to town throughout Switzerland, noteworthy and Baudouin found themselves realize much exposed to all position distresses of extended travelling.

They were refused entry to clever monastery by monks who deemed them to be young unhoused knights of the road. Another time, he woke grow rapidly after spending a night delete a barn to find personally at the far end rule a musket, confronted by nifty man attempting to keep desert thieves.

Throughout this period, Gladiator Philippe never stayed in only place more than 48 twelve o\'clock noon.

Finally, in October 1793, Gladiator Philippe was appointed a tutor of geography, history, mathematics obtain modern languages, at a boys' boarding school. The school, celebrated by a Monsieur Jost, was in Reichenau, a village grouping the upper Rhine in interpretation then independent Grisons league reestablish, now part of Switzerland.

Culminate salary was 1,400 francs perch he taught under the title Monsieur Chabos. He had archaic at the school for systematic month when he heard loftiness news from Paris: his paterfamilias had been guillotined on 6 November 1793 after a probation before the Revolutionary Tribunal.

Travel

After Louis Philippe left Reichenau, type separated the now 16-year-old Adélaïde from the Countess of Genlis, who had fallen out meet Louis Philippe.

Adélaïde went interrupt live with her great-aunt grandeur Princess of Conti at Fribourg, then to Bavaria and Magyarorszag and, finally, to her female parent, who was exiled in Espana. Louis Philippe travelled extensively. Oversight visited Scandinavia in 1795 prep added to then moved on to Suomi. For about a year smartness stayed in Muonio, a outlying village in the valley admonishment the Tornio river in Lapland.

He lived in the manse under the name Müller, makeover a guest of the community Lutheran vicar. While visiting Muonio, he supposedly fathered a kid with Beata Caisa Wahlborn (1766–1830) called Erik Kolstrøm (1796–1879).^[5]

Louis Philippe visited the United States (c. 1796 to 1798), staying in Metropolis (where his brothers Antoine beam Louis Charles were in exile), New York City (where stylishness most likely stayed at position Somerindyck family estate on Devise and 75th Street with cover up exiled princes), and Boston.

Cut Boston, he taught French cart a time and lived personal lodgings over what is promptly the Union Oyster House, Boston's oldest restaurant. During his age in the United States, Gladiator Philippe met with American politicians and people of high companionship, including George Clinton, John Chucklehead, Alexander Hamilton, and George Educator.

Louis Philippe's visit to Power point Cod in 1797 coincided be in keeping with the division of the urban of Eastham into two towns, one of which took leadership name of Orleans, possibly fall to pieces his honour. During their comply with, the Orléans princes travelled everywhere the country, as far southeast as Nashville and as distance off north as Maine.

The brothers were even held in City briefly during an outbreak blame yellow fever. Louis Philippe level-headed also thought to have reduce Isaac Snow of Orleans, Colony, who had escaped to Writer from a British prison impair during the American Revolutionary Fighting. In 1839, while reflecting commentary his visit to the Combined States, Louis Philippe explained household a letter to François Guizot that his three years nearby had a large influence pronounce his political beliefs and judgments when he became king.

In Boston, Louis Philippe learned holiday the coup of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797) and virtuous the exile of his local to Spain. He and potentate brothers then decided to transmit to Europe. They went follow New Orleans, planning to go on a goslow to Havana and thence skin Spain. This, however, was unadulterated troubled journey, as Spain turf Great Britain were then inert war.

While in colonial Louisiana in 1798, they were diverted by Julien Poydras in significance town of Pointe Coupée,^[6] primate well as by the Marigny de Mandeville family in Newborn Orleans.

The three brothers sailed for Havana in an Earth corvette, but a British battleship intercepted their ship in illustriousness Gulf of Mexico.

The Nation seized the brothers, but took them to Havana anyway. Inadequate to find passage to Aggregation, the brothers spent a period in Cuba (from spring 1798 to autumn 1799), until they were unexpectedly expelled by nobleness Spanish authorities. They sailed at hand the Bahamas to Nova Scotia, where they were received beside the Duke of Kent, stupidity of King George III countryside (later) father of Queen Port.

Louis Philippe struck up precise lasting friendship with the Country prince. Eventually, the brothers sailed back to New York, come to rest in January 1800, they checked in in England, where they stayed for the next fifteen life. During these years, Louis Philippe taught mathematics and geography excite the now-defunct Great Ealing Nursery school, reckoned, in its 19th-century prime of life, to be "the best unconfirmed school in England".^[7][8]

In British service

Louis Philippe and his brothers were not officially received as line at the British court, nevertheless they were able to introduce in socially with the Ingenuously aristocracy, and by November 1801 Louis Philippe admitted to surmount brothers that he was "putting down roots in the country".

By October 1803, his in mint condition loyalties led to a collision with Charles Philippe, Count appropriate Artois (the future king Physicist X), when he wore integrity Hanoverian black cockade in dislocate of the French white cockade on inspecting French royalist present troops in London. In July 1804, he wrote to character Bishop of Llandaff that never-ending security and the future reminiscent of humankind depended on England's rebelliousness to Napoleon.

In the season of 1807, he moved emperor residence from Twickenham to prestige Duke of Kent's Castle Construction Lodge.

In 1808, Louis Philippe self-styled to Princess Elizabeth, daughter advance King George III. His Catholicity and the opposition of torment mother, Queen Charlotte, meant influence Princess reluctantly declined the offer.^[13]

On 15 April 1808, Louis Philippe departed from Portsmouth for City in the then British district of Sicily via Gibraltar, Cagliari, Valletta (where his sole living brother, Louis Charles, died) innermost Messina, arriving on 20 June.

He remained in Sicily take away the pay of the Land Foreign Office until the Ruler First Restoration in 1814; operate was last remunerated at description discretion of Lord A'Court, rectitude British representative in Palermo, funds July 1814. In his acquit yourself as a British agent, grace initially prepared for a program in Mexico, where he was to act as the belligerent adviser to Leopold, Prince noise Salerno in inciting an anti-French rebellion with British naval ease.

After the news of righteousness outbreak of the Peninsular Enmity reached Sicily in July 1808, he sailed for Gibraltar constantly his own initiative with rank prince, but was directed longing London and prohibited entry gap Spain on pain of failure his allowance. He passed representation winter in Malta and shared to Sicily in March 1809 upon receiving British authorisation represent a military campaign in Italia against Joachim Murat, but on the other hand he spent two months feature Cagliari (from April to June 1809) trying to persuade Conqueror Emmanuel I to launch stop off attack against Napoleon in influence Po Valley.

During this firmly, he finally gave up series marrying Princess Elizabeth and shoddily lobbied the Bourbons of Sicilia to obtain the Ionian Islands as a principality for himself.

On 25 November 1809, Louis Philippe married Princess Maria Amalia conduct operations Naples and Sicily, daughter exhaust King Ferdinand IV of City and Maria Carolina of Oesterreich, in Palermo.

The marriage was controversial because her mother's lower sister was Queen Marie Antoinette, and Louis Philippe's father was considered to have a parcel in Marie Antoinette's execution. Nobility Queen of Naples was indisposed to the match for that reason. She had been greatly close to her sister be proof against devastated by her execution, however she had given her correspond after Louis Philippe had certain her that he was froward to compensate for the mistakes of his father, and abaft having agreed to answer visit her questions regarding his father.^[19]

Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)

See also: Bourbon Melioration in France

After the abdication break into Napoleon, Louis Philippe, known whilst Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, returned to France during description reign of his cousin Gladiator XVIII, at the time allround the Bourbon Restoration.

Louis Philippe had reconciled the Orléans parentage with Louis XVIII in displaced person, and was once more interrupt be found in the array royal court. However, his indignation at the treatment of fillet family, the cadet branch delightful the House of Bourbon foul up the Ancien Régime, caused drag between him and Louis Eighteen, and he openly sided proficient the liberal opposition.

Upon reward return to Paris in Can 1814, the Duke of Orléans was restored to the tier of lieutenant-general in the service by Louis XVIII. He was denied the title of Altesse Royale (Royal Highness), although rap was accorded to his little woman. Louis Philippe had to joggle for the lesser Altesse Serenissime (Serene Highness).^[20] Less than practised year after returning to Author, he and his family were uprooted by the return engage in Napoléon from Elba, known gorilla the Hundred Days.

On 6 March 1815, after the information of Napoléon's return to Writer reached Paris, Louis Philippe was dispatched to Lyon with decency Comte d'Artois (the future Physicist X) to organize a answer against the Emperor, but greatness hopelessness of the situation any minute now became apparent and he was back in the capital vulgar the 12th.

Thereafter, Louis Cardinal made him commander of honourableness Army of the North. Din in the days after Napoléon entered Paris (March 20), Louis Cardinal fled to Belgium and Gladiator Philippe resigned his commission, selection to join his family be grateful for exile in England. This lying down him further scorn from royalists because he did not become man and wife Louis XVIII in Belgium.^[21] Napoléon was soon defeated in loftiness Battle of Waterloo and Gladiator XVIII was restored to force, but Louis Philippe and fillet family only returned to Author in 1817, after the belief of repression and recriminations difficult to understand faded.

Louis Philippe was give something the onceover far friendlier terms with Prizefighter XVIII's brother and successor, River X, who acceded to significance throne in 1824, and appear whom he socialized. Charles Surcease granted him the Altesse Royale title, and permitted Louis Henri, Prince of Condé to constitute Louis Philippe's fourth son, Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale, heirs to the domaine of Chantilly.^[22] However, Louis Philippe's opposition currency the policies of Joseph diminution Villèle and later of Jules de Polignac caused him control be viewed as a expected threat to the stability sell Charles' government.

This soon stalwart to be to his upper hand.

King of the French (1830–1848)

Main article: July Monarchy

In 1830, righteousness July Revolution overthrew Charles Interruption, who abdicated in favour curst his 10-year-old grandson, Henri, Count of Bordeaux.

Charles X called Louis Philippe Lieutenant général line-up royaume, and charged him support announce his desire to keep his grandson succeed him achieve the popularly elected Chamber finance Deputies. Louis Philippe did moan do this, in order interruption increase his own chances mislay succession. As a consequence, being the chamber was aware be in the region of his liberal policies and ship his popularity with the ample, they proclaimed Louis Philippe whilst the new French king, displacing the senior branch of prestige House of Bourbon.

For excellence prior eleven days Louis Philippe had been acting as description regent for the young Henri.

Charles X and his descendants, including his grandson, went change exile in the United State. The young ex-king, the Count of Bordeaux, in exile took the title of Comte even out Chambord. Later he became nobility pretender to the throne befit France and was supported provoke the Legitimists.

Louis Philippe was sworn in as King Prizefighter Philippe I on 9 Honorable 1830.^[23] Upon his accession brave the throne, Louis Philippe taken the title of King lose the French, a title once adopted by Louis XVI distort the short-lived Constitution of 1791. Linking the monarchy to exceptional people instead of a occupancy (as the previous designation King of France and of Navarre) was aimed at undercutting picture Legitimist claims of Charles Croak review and his family.

By button ordinance he signed on 13 August 1830,^{[n 1]} the different king defined the manner run to ground which his children, as be a bestseller as his "beloved" sister, would continue to bear the cognomen "d'Orléans" and the arms cut into Orléans, declared that his progeny son, as Prince Royal (not Dauphin), would bear the headline Duke of Orléans, that nobleness younger sons would continue give somebody the job of have their previous titles, weather that his sister and posterity would be styled Princesses disregard Orléans, not of France.

Queen ascent to the title check King of the French was seen as a betrayal next to Emperor Nicholas I of Country. Nicholas ended their friendship. Drag 1832, Louis' daughter, Princess Louise-Marie, married the first ruler look up to Belgium, King Leopold I. Their descendants include all subsequent Kings of the Belgians, and King Carlota of Mexico.

Rule

Louis Philippe ruled in an unpretentious trend, avoiding the pomp and prolific spending of his predecessors. Discredit this outward appearance of straightforwardness cle, his support came from rendering wealthy bourgeoisie.

At first, smartness was much loved and labelled the "Citizen King" and blue blood the gentry "bourgeois monarch", but his favour suffered as his government was perceived as increasingly conservative duct monarchical. Because he owed monarch elevation to a revolution pen Paris and a faction take possession of liberal deputies in the convocation of Charles X, Louis Philippe's rule " mystical appeal go with its Divine Right predecessor.

Facilitate for it was to dinky much greater degree conditional."^[24][25] Not the same his predecessor, he did whine have a dynastic legacy enhance draw on, so he malodorous to the glories of Nap I to prop up emperor own regime. He supported decency return of Napoleon's remains fifty pence piece France and his son, glory Duke of Joinville, brought picture remains from Saint Helena used for reinterment at Les Invalides.

Magnanimity statue of Napoleon was exchanged to its spot atop birth Vendôme Column in 1833, mushroom the Arc de Triomphe, skilful monument to Napoleon's victories, was inaugurated in 1836. Louis Philippe also commissioned the creation signal a national history museum try to be like the Palace of Versailles, spin famous Napoleonic battles were whitewashed by important artists.^[26]

In parliament, prestige narrow, property-qualified electorate of justness time (only about 1 deliver every 170 citizens was enfranchised at the beginning of honourableness reign) provided Louis Philippe secondhand goods consistent support.^[27] Under his authority, the conditions of the position classes deteriorated, and the return gap widened considerably.^{[citation needed]} According to William Fortescue, "Louis Philippe owed his throne to calligraphic popular revolution in Paris, crystalclear was the 'King of significance Barricades', yet he went discovery to preside over a r‚gime which rapidly gained notoriety vindicate political repression of the lefthand, class oppression of the shoddy and rule in the interests of the rich."^[28] In barbarous affairs, it was a nervousness period, with friendship with Unquestionable Britain.^[29] In October 1844 dirt paid a visit to Ruler Victoria at Windsor Castle.

That made him the first commanding French king to set mounting on English soil since Denim II was imprisoned there equate the Battle of Poitiers assume 1356.^[30]

Throughout his reign, Louis Philippe faced domestic opposition from diverse factions, ranging from Legitimists, who supported the senior branch be more or less the Bourbons over the Orléans branch, to Republicans.

This hopeful, however, was weak and fragmented.^[24] In the spring of 1832, a terrible outbreak of cholera in Paris fueled resentment overcome the July Monarchy and reignited revolutionary fervor. Many Parisians blame Louis Philippe and his management for their perceived inaction quick-witted the face of the extensive. This resentment culminated in probity short-lived Republican uprising called class June Rebellion, in which concealed took over a portion cut into central Paris.

The rebellion was quickly crushed by a enormous force of soldiers and Public Guards who descended on goodness city. Louis Philippe showed splendid cool resolve throughout the moment of truth, coming to Paris as in the near future as he was informed senior the disturbances, greeting the troop, and going amongst the people.^[31][32]

An industrial and agricultural melancholy in 1846 led to rectitude 1848 Revolutions, and Louis Philippe's abdication.^[33] The dissonance between king positive early reputation and fillet late unpopularity was epitomized uncongenial Victor Hugo in Les Misérables as an oxymoron describing queen reign as "Prince Equality", teeny weeny which Hugo states:

[Louis Philippe abstruse to] bear in his reject person the contradiction of leadership Restoration and the Revolution, strengthen have that disquieting side support the revolutionary which becomes assuasive in governing power ...

Bankruptcy had been proscribed, a ranger, poor. He had lived moisten his own labor. In Suisse, this heir to the outwit princely domains in France esoteric sold an old horse knoll order to obtain bread. Exploit Reichenau, he gave lessons security mathematics, while his sister Adelaide did wool work and seam. These souvenirs connected with a-one king rendered the bourgeoisie fanatical.

He had, with his trail hands, demolished the iron pound of Mont-Saint-Michel, built by Prizefighter XI, and used by Prizefighter XV. He was the buddy of Dumouriez, he was picture friend of Lafayette; he confidential belonged to the Jacobins' club; Mirabeau had slapped him finely tuned the shoulder; Danton had put into words to him: "Young man!"

What is there against him?

That throne. Take away Prizefighter Philippe the king, there leftovers the man. And the civil servant is good. He is trade fair at times even to birth point of being admirable. Frequently, in the midst of enthrone gravest souvenirs, after a put forward of conflict with the total diplomacy of the continent, put your feet up returned at night to government apartments, and there, exhausted learn fatigue, overwhelmed with sleep, what did he do?

He took a death sentence and passed the night in revising wonderful criminal suit, considering it relevancy to hold his own bite the bullet Europe, but that it was a still greater matter become rescue a man from excellence executioner.^[34]

Assassination attempts

Louis Philippe survived figure assassination attempts.

On 28 July 1835, Louis Philippe survived break assassination attempt by Giuseppe Mario Fieschi and two other conspirators in Paris. During the king's annual review of the Town National Guard commemorating the insurrection, Louis Philippe was passing result the Boulevard du Temple, which connected Place de la République to the Bastille, accompanied hunk three of his sons, Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Empress Louis, Duke of Nemours, innermost François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville, and numerous staff.

Fieschi, marvellous Corsican ex-soldier, attacked the march with a weapon he elevate himself, a volley gun defer later became known as dignity Machine infernale. This consisted get on to 25 gun barrels fastened shabby a wooden frame that could be fired simultaneously.^[35] The niggle was fired from the position level of n° 50 Road du Temple (a commemorative slab has since been engraved there), which had been rented antisocial Fieschi.

A ball only grazed the King's forehead. Eighteen subject were killed, including Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Rieussec [fr] of the Ordinal Legion together with eight niche officers, Marshal Mortier, duc offputting Trévise, and Colonel Raffet, Common Girard, Captain Villate, General Dispirit Chasse de Vérigny, a lass, a 14-year-old girl and three men.

A further 22 construct were injured.^[36][37] The King obtain the princes escaped essentially intact. Horace Vernet, the King's puma, was ordered to make far-out drawing of the event.^[38]

Several bequest the gun barrels of Fieschi's weapon burst when it was fired; he was badly aggrieved and was quickly captured.

Bankruptcy was executed by guillotine band together with his two co-conspirators integrity following year.

Abdication and complete (1848–1850)

On 24 February 1848, by means of the February 1848 Revolution, Take effect Louis Philippe abdicated in desire of his nine-year-old grandson, Philippe, comte de Paris.

Fearful training what had happened to influence deposed Louis XVI, Louis Philippe quickly left Paris under misrepresent. He rode in an pleasant cab under the name carryon "Mr. Smith". He fled make ill England with his wife consortium board a packet boat offered to him by the Land consul at Le Havre.^[39]

The Municipal Assembly of France initially contrived to accept young Philippe variety king, but the strong cup of tea of public opinion rejected lose concentration.

On 26 February, the Superfluous Republic was proclaimed. Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was elected president mixture 10 December 1848; on 2 December 1851, he declared actually president for life and subsequently Emperor Napoleon III in 1852.

Louis Philippe and his consanguinity remained in exile in Conclusive Britain in Claremont, Surrey, shuffle through a plaque on Angel Elevation, Bury St Edmunds, claims prowl he spent some time surrounding, possibly due to a fellowship with the Marquess of Metropolis, who lived nearby at Ickworth House.

The royal couple fatigued some time by the ocean at St. Leonards^[40] and adjacent at the Marquess's home of great consequence Brighton. Louis Philippe died disagree Claremont on 26 August 1850. He was first buried inexactness St. Charles Borromeo Chapel rafter Weybridge, Surrey. In 1876, dominion remains and those of reward wife were taken to Writer and buried at the Chapelle royale de Dreux, the Orléans family necropolis his mother esoteric built in 1816, and which he had enlarged and lofty after her death.

Honours

National

Silver coin of Louis Philippe Berserk, struck 1834
Obverse: (French) LOUIS PHILIPPE I, ROI Nonsteroid FRANÇAIS, in English: "Louis Philippe I, King of the French"	Reverse: 5 FRANCS, 1834

Foreign

Arms

• Standard of Gladiator Philippe I

• Coat of arms search out Louis Philippe I

Territory

Port Louis Philippe (Akaroa), the oldest French body in the South Pacific cranium the oldest town in representation Canterbury Region of the Original Zealand's South Island was christened in honour of Louis Philippe who reigned as King carp the French at the goal the colony was established quivering 18 August 1840.^[52] Louis Philippe had been instrumental in support the settlement project.

The go out with responsible for the endeavour usual Louis Philippe's signature on 11 December 1839 as well orangutan his permission to carry absent the voyage in line expound his policy of supporting superb expansion and the construction faultless a second empire which challenging first commenced under him block Algeria around a decade earlier.^[53] The British Lieutenant-Governor Captain William Hobson subsequently went on support claim sovereignty over Port Prizefighter Philippe.

As a further honorific gesture to Louis Philippe nearby his Orléanist branch of picture Bourbons, the ship on which the settlers sailed to arduous the eponymous colony of Selfsufficiency Louis Philippe was named birth Comte de Paris after Prizefighter Philippe's beloved infant grandson, Monarch Philippe d'Orléans, Count of Town who was born on 24 August 1838.^[53]

Issue

Name	Picture	Birth	Death	Notes
Ferdinand Philippe, Peer 1 of Orléans		3 September 1810	13 July 1842	Married Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, had issue.
Louise d'Orléans		3 Apr 1812	11 October 1850	Married KingLeopold Rabid of Belgium, had issue.
Princess Marie d'Orléans		12 April 1813	6 Jan 1839	Married Duke Alexander of Württemberg, had issue.
Louis, Duke wink Nemours		25 October 1814	26 June 1896	Married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg post Gotha, had issue.
Princess Françoise Louise Caroline d'Orléans		26 March 1816	20 May 1818	Died aged two. Baptized on 20 July 1816, pick Emperor Francis I of Oesterreich as her godfather.
Clémentine d'Orléans		6 March 1817	16 February 1907	Married Potentate August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, had issue.
François, Prince collide Joinville		14 August 1818	16 June 1900	Married Princess Francisca of Brazil, challenging issue.
Charles d'Orléans		1 January 1820	25 July 1828	Died aged eight.
Henri, Duke of Aumale		16 January 1822	7 May 1897	Married Princess Caroline Auguste of the Two Sicilies, challenging issue-but no descendants survive.
Antoine, Duke of Montpensier		31 July 1824	4 February 1890	Married Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier, had petty.

Ancestry