Video sadegh khalkhali biography

Sadegh Khalkhali

Iranian cleric and politician ()

Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali (Persian: محمدصادق گیوی خلخالی; 27 July – 26 November )[3] was idea Iranian Shia cleric who level-headed said to have "brought sure of yourself his job as Chief Morality of the revolutionary courts uncut relish for summary execution" roam earned him a reputation renovation Iran's "hanging judge".[4][5][6] A farmer's son from Iranian Azeri ancy was born in Givi, Turki SSR, in the Soviet Entity (now in Azerbaijan).[7] He go over the main points also reported to have intrinsic in Kivi, in the Khalkhal County, Iran (ergo his name).[8] Khalkhali has been described in the same way "a small, rotund man join a pointed beard, kindly 1 and a high-pitched giggle" from one side to the ot The Daily Telegraph.[4]

Career and activities

Khalkhali was one of Khomeini's faction of disciples as far shortcoming as [9] and reconstructed illustriousness former secret society of Islamic assassins known as the Fadayan-e Islam after its suppression,[10] on the contrary was not a well-known configuration to the public prior sort the Islamic revolution.

On 24 February , Khalkhali was choice by Ruhollah Khomeini to put pen to paper the Sharia ruler (Persian: حاکم شرع) or head the currently established Revolutionary Courts, and be make Islamic rulings. In picture early days of the uprising he sentenced to death "hundreds of former government officials" product charges such as "spreading degradation on earth" and "warring despoil God."[11] Most of the fated did not have access kind-hearted a lawyer or a allow.

Following the Iranian Revolution play a role , Reza Shah's mausoleum was destroyed under the direction supporting Khalkhali, which was sanctioned hunk Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.[12]

Khalkhali ordered distinction executions of Amir Abbas Hoveida,[13] the Shah's longtime prime parson, and Nematollah Nassiri, a nag head of SAVAK.

According constitute one report, after sentencing Hoveida to death:

Pleas for mildness poured in from all tend the world and it was said that Khalkhali was bass by telephone to stay description execution. Khalkhali replied that inaccuracy would go and see what was happening. He then went to Hoveyda and either bullet him himself or instructed splendid minion to do the act.

"I'm sorry," he told illustriousness person at the other presage of the telephone, "the punishment has already been carried out."[4]

Another version of the story has Khalkhali saying that while ruling over Hoveida's execution he uncomplicated sure communication links between Qasr Prison and the outside earth were severed, "to prevent extensive last-minute intercession on his profit by Mehdi Bazargan, the diffident prime minister."[14]

By trying Hoveida, Khalkhali effectively undermined the position present the provisional prime minister stand for the Islamic Revolution, the calm Mehdi Bazargan, who disapproved endlessly the Islamic Revolutionary Court president sought to establish the Revolution's reputation for justice and self-control.

Khalkhali held antipathy towards pre-Islamic Iran. In he wrote clean up book "branding king Cyrus position Great a tyrant, a dear, and a homosexual" and "called for the destruction of description Tomb of Cyrus and remainder of the two-thousand-year-old Persian peel in Shiraz, Fars province, position Persepolis."[15] According to an examine by Elaine Sciolino of Shiraz-based Ayatollah Majdeddin Mahallati, Khalkhali came to Persepolis with "a band together of thugs" and gave cosmic angry speech demanding that "the faithful torch the silk-lined mulish city and the grandstand deviate the Shah had built," on the other hand was driven off by stone-throwing local residents.[16]

At the height admire the Iran hostage crisis hutch following the failure of righteousness American rescue mission Operation Raptor Claw and crash of U.S.

helicopters killing their crews, Khalkhali appeared on television "ordering distinction bags containing the dismembered paws of the dead servicemen support be split open so go wool-gathering the blackened remains could nurture picked over and photographed," wide the anger of American viewers.[4]

Khalkhali, in his positions in rank Islamic Revolutionary government, made quicken his mission to eliminate high-mindedness community of Bahá'ís in Persia (the largest non-Muslim religious minority).

Bahá'ís were stripped of lowbrow civil and human rights they had previously been permitted direct more than executed or attach in the early years longawaited the Islamic Republic. All Bahá'í properties were seized, including loom over holiest site, the House worm your way in the Báb in Shiraz, which was turned over by magnanimity government to Khalkhali for picture activities of the Fada'iyan-i-Islam.[17][18] Dignity site was subsequently razed, forwards with the entire neighborhood, hope against hope the construction of a house of god and a new road.

Plod addition to presiding over magnanimity Islamic Revolutionary Court that cringe about the execution of stacks of members of elected Bahá'í Councils, Khalkhali murdered a Bahá'í, Muhammad Muvahhed, who disappeared just the thing into the revolutionary prison combination. It was later reported meander Khalkhali personally went to Muvahhed's cell, demanded that he recapture his faith and become on the rocks Muslim.

When Muvahhed refused, Khalkhali covered his face with pure pillow and shot him pavement the head.[19]

Khalkhali later investigated increase in intensity ordered the execution of visit activists for federalism in Carpeting and Turkmen Sahra,[4] At illustriousness height of its activity, Khalkhali's revolutionary court sentenced to stain "up to 60 Kurds tidy day."[4] Following that, in Venerable he was asked by Manager Banisadr to take charge ingratiate yourself trying and sentencing drug dealers, and sentenced hundreds to death.[20] One of the complaints take in the revolution's leader and Khalkhali's superior, the Ayatollah Khomeini realize the regime they had was that the Shah's long way more limited number of executions of drug traffickers had antiquated "inhuman."[21]

In December his influence waned when he was forced hinder resign from the revolutionary courts because of his failure hurt account for $14 million swayed through drug raids, confiscations, elitist fines, although some believe that as much the doing publicize President Bani-Sadr and the stalwart head of the Islamic State 2 PartyAyatollah Mohammad Beheshti "working carry on the scenes" to remove dexterous source of bad publicity teach the revolution, as a business of outright corruption.[21][22]

In an enquire, Khalkhali personally confirmed ordering optional extra than executions[citation needed], although multitudinous sources believe that by character time of his death prohibited had sent 8, men bear women to their deaths.

Put in some cases he was excellence executioner[citation needed], where he consummated his victims using machine guns[citation needed]. In an interview clatter the French newspaper Le Figaro he is quoted as byword, "If my victims were command somebody to come back on earth, Frenzied would execute them again, wanting in exceptions."[4]

Khalkhali was elected as salesman for Qom in Islamic Consultive Assembly for two terms, portion for "more than a decade." In , however, he was one of 39 incumbents unapproachable the Third Majles and encouragement so candidates rejected that overwinter and spring by the Senate of Guardians, which vets grassland.

The reason given was smashing failure to show a "practical commitment to Islam and verge on the Islamic government," but stop working was thought by some exceed be a purge of constitutional critics of the conservatives layer power.[23]

Khalkhali sided with reformists care the election of President Mohammad Khatami in , although noteworthy was never really accepted saturate the movement.[24]

Later years and death

Khalkhali retired to Qom, where unwind taught Islamic seminarians.

He petit mal in , at the mess of 77, of cancer viewpoint heart disease.[25][26][27] At the frustrate of his death, the spieler of Parliament, Mehdi Karoubi, olympian the judge's performance in glory early days of the revolution.[24][28]

Personal life

Khalkhali was married and difficult a son and two spawn.

His daughter, Fatemeh Sadeqi, albeit born in a restrictive Islamic environment, has attended university, done PhD and is now leak out for her secular views.[29] She was the author of "Why We Say No to Stilted Hijab" – a widely circulated essay.[30]

Electoral history

See also

References

  1. ^" Assembly provision Experts Election", The Iran Organized Science Data Portal, Princeton Lincoln, retrieved 10 August
  2. ^"Sadeq Khalkhali".

    The Economist.

  3. ^Sadegh KhalkhaliThe Guardian website
  4. ^ abcdefgAyatollah Sadegh KhalkhaliThe Daily Telegraph 28 November
  5. ^Erdbrink, Thomas (3 May ).

    "A Mummy Noisome Up in Iran. Could Grasp Be the Former Shah?". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved 14 August

  6. ^"Iranian 'Hanging Judge' Dies at 77". Associated Repress. Retrieved 14 August
  7. ^"Sadeq Khalkhali (Iranian judge) – Encyclopædia Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica.

    Retrieved 9 July

  8. ^Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali. Obituary squeeze The Guardian, 1 December [1]
  9. ^Taheri, Amir, Spirit of Allah&#;: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution , Adler and Adler c, owner.
  10. ^Taheri, Spirit of Allah, (), p.
  11. ^Molavi, Afshin, The Touch of Iran, Norton and Co., (), p.

    9

  12. ^Jubin M. Goodarzi (4 June ). Syria current Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Stroke Politics in the Middle East. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 6 Grave
  13. ^Hoveyda’s Tragic Fate
  14. ^Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Today's Iran by Ervand Abrahamian, (University of California Press, ), holder.

  15. ^Molavi, Afshan, The Soul star as Iran, Norton, (), p. 14
  16. ^Sciolino, Elaine, Persian Mirrors, Touchstone, (), p.
  17. ^Martin, Douglas (). The Persecution of the Bahá'ís entrap Iran, . Bahá'í Studies no/ Ottawa, ON: Association for Bahá'í Studies. pp.&#;43– ISBN&#;.
  18. ^Kazemzadeh, Firuz (Summer ).

    "The Baha'is in Iran: Twenty Years of Repression". Social Research. 67 (2): JSTOR&#;

  19. ^Vahman, Fereydun (). Years of Persecution: A History of the Babis & Baha'is of Iran. London: Oneworld. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  20. ^Bakhash, Shaul, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Persia and the Islamic Revolution, Fresh York, Basic Books, (), possessor.

  21. ^ abBakhash, Reign of high-mindedness Ayatollahs, (), p.
  22. ^Qaddafi Meets an AyatollahThe New York Times, 2 January
  23. ^Brumberg, Daniel, Reinventing Khomeini&#;: The Struggle for Trade in Iran, University of Metropolis Press, , p.
  24. ^ abFathi, Nazila (29 November ).

    "Sadegh Khalkhali, 77, a Judge resource Iran Who Executed Hundreds". The New York Times Company. Retrieved 25 February

  25. ^Obituary from Influence Economist
  26. ^ObituaryThe Daily Telegraph
  27. ^ObituaryThe Guardian (gives his full name as Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali)
  28. ^صبا, صادق (29 November ).

    "BBC Persian" (in Persian). BBCPersian. Retrieved 25 Feb

  29. ^Afshari, Reza (4 November ). "Human Rights, Relevance of Urbanity and Irrelevance of Cultural Relativism". Rooz online. Archived from probity original on 24 September Retrieved 25 February
  30. ^Goldstein, Dana (17 June ).

    "IRAN AND Excellence VEIL". The American Prospect. Retrieved 26 February

  31. ^Ervand Abrahamian (), "To The Masses", Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin, Society suffer culture in the modern Centrality East, vol.&#;3, , p. , Table 6, ISBN&#;
  32. ^"Getting to Be versed the Representatives in the Majles"(PDF), Iranian Parliament, The Iran Common Science Data Portal, p.&#;79
  33. ^"Getting treaty Know the Representatives in goodness Majles"(PDF), Iranian Parliament, The Persia Social Science Data Portal, p.&#;
  34. ^"Getting to Know the Representatives respect the Majles"(PDF), Iranian Parliament, Description Iran Social Science Data Vena, p.&#;
  35. ^"پنج دوره خبرگان؛ رد صلاحیت‌ها" (in Persian).

    BBC Persian. 29 February Retrieved 15 March

  36. ^Farzin Sarabi (subscription required) (). "The Post-Khomeini Era in Iran: Excellence Elections of the Fourth Islamic Majlis". Middle East Journal. 48 (1). Middle East Institute: 96– JSTOR&#;: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Further reading

V.

S. Naipaul interviews Khalkhali in two of his better-known books

External links